What is Grammar.....?
Grammar is study of the forms and uses of words in sentences of a particular language.
All words in English language can be classified into eight groups. They are divided according to the work they do.
In accordance with the work that words do in sentence they are assigned to one or other of the eight parts of speech :
1. Naun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjecktive
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
NOUN
A noun is the name of person or thing
Example : Mr. Ali is in the Office
My cat eats meat
Our house is near the mosgue
The Kinds Of Nouns
Noun are of five different kinds.
- Profer ( one thing at time )
- common ( any number of thing )
- collective ( a groups of thing )
- material ( what a thing is made of )
- Abstract ( Quality, state, or action )
Proper Nouns
Examples : I live in Jakarta
The book is mine
I love madina university
The word Jakarta, Hasan Abunawi, march, madina are called proper noun.
- Proper noun denotes one particular person or thing as distict form every other
Common Nouns
Examples : My country is clean
The book is mine
There is mine
There is a woman in the office
The word country in the first sentence does not point out any particular country, such as Indonesia or Singapore, but can be used for any country in any part of the world.
The world book in the second sentence does not point out any particular book, such as di bawah lindungan Ka’bah, but can be used for any and every book.
The word woman in the third sentence does not point out any particular woman, such as Hindun, but it can be used for any and every woman.
The words country, book, and woman are called common nouns.
Common nouns denotes no one person or thing in particular, but is common to any every person or thing of the same kind.
Collective Nouns
Examples : There is a library in my school
I do not see a flock in Indonesia
We do not like a dictator government
The word library in the first sentence is the name of group or collection of books, it is called a collective noun, because it stands for books at once, and not for any one book taken separately.
The word flock in the second sentence is the name of a group or collection of sheep, The word govermen in the third sentence is the name of group or collection of rulers of a country.
A collective noun denotes a group or collection of similiar individuals, considered as one complete whole.
- If we regard a group of people or things represented one whole, we use a singular verb.
- If we regard a group of people or things not repsented as one whole, but as a number of a separate people or things, we use a plurar verb.
- collective nouns are countable nouns, so, they may be used in the plurar.
Nouns Of Material
A noun of material denotes the matter or substance of certain are made.
Example : 1. This ring is made of gold
2. The statue is made of bronze
3. That temple was built of marable
Are some others nouns of material :
- Brass - Tin - Grass q - Stone - Lime - Air
- Copper - silver - water - sand - steel - mud
- iron - soil - butter
Sometimes a common noun has a material noun that pairs whit it .
| Example : |
|
| Common | Amaterial |
| - Ox | - Beep |
| - Sheep | - Mutten |
| - Pig | - Bacon or ham or pork |
| - Deer | - Venson |
| - Tree | - Timber |
Abstract nouns
| Examples : | 1- The boy lives with happiness. |
|
| 2- The hared ness of a stone is not like the hardness of my heart. |
|
| 3- The sweet ness banana is not so same as the sweet ness of mango |
An Abstract noun denotes some Quality. State or action apart from any objeet or mango.
Quality : Cleverness, height humrlity, roguery
: Poperty, manhood, bondage, pleasure, youth
: Laughter, movement, flight, choice, revenge.
How to from Abstract nouns.
Abstract nouns can be formed from verbs, adjective and other words.
- Abstrack nouns formed from verbs.
- By adding ment
| Verb | Abstract noun |
| Advertise | Advertise ment |
| Agree | Agree ment |
| Argue | Argue ment |
| Arrange | Arrange ment |
| Develop | Depelop ment |
- By adding ion – tion –ation – cation – ition
| Connect | Connection |
| Adopt | Adoption |
| Associate | Association |
| Collect | Collection |
| Act | action |
- By adding – ance – ence
| Hinder | Hindrance |
| Enter | Entrance |
| Admit | Admittance |
| Appear | Appearance |
| Differ | Difference |
- By adding – t
| Complain | Complaint |
| Contain | Containt |
| Descend | Descent |
| Deceive | Deceiet |
- By adding – y
| Discover | Discovery |
| Deliver | Delivery |
| Injure | Injury |
| Recover | Recovery |
- Abstract noun same of the same form as verb
| Hope | Hope |
| Help | Help |
| Mind | Mind |
a. Abstract noun formed from adjectives
| Wise | Wisdon |
| Poor | Poverty |
| Prudent | Prudence |
| Honest | Honesty |
| Dark | Darkness |
b. Abstarct noun formed from common nouns
| Man | Manhood |
| Child | Childhood |
| Friend | Frienship |
| Boy | Boyhood |
| Captain | Captaincy |
